[USCC] Antibiotics in meat after composting
Edo McGowan
edo_mcgowan at hotmail.com
Wed Mar 4 11:18:04 CST 2009
The question discussed here is not new but it is highly complex. Nonetheless, here are some data on this and then some discussions that parallel the topic. It will be of interest to note that these materials may not break down totally. Thus the question remains, how effective is compost in these matters? In addition, there are robust genetic fragments of resistant pathogens that must be considered. Of further interest would be the added bulking materials such as sewage sludge and the impact from these materials on the final product. Thus unless one ran a series of tests and had a very consistent source of raw stock, the answer would be confounded by variations in source material. As noted below from Chitnis, if one were to use sewage sludge from a sewer plant with an up-stream large hospital, the loading of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant bacteria could be considerably different from that received from a smaller municipal source.
Thus one may also suppose that the loading would also vary amongst various types of meat animal products, their source, and handling and process train used. All this adds up to a need to test frequently and that testing in it self is an area with many issues.
STABILITY OF ANTIBIOTICS IN MEAT DURING A SIMULATED HIGH TEMPERATURE DESTRUCTION PROCESS
H.J. van Egmond, et al
State Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products (RIKILT), Bornsesteeg 45,
NL- 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands
Abstract With a simulation model at laboratory-scale, the stability of sixteen antibiotics
during the destruction process of animal and offal's was investigated. The antibiotics were
added to a mixture of pork-meat, pork-kidney, and pork-liver (90/5/5) (w/w/w), subsequently
pasteurised at 80°C (15 min.), sterilised at 134°C (3 bar, 20 min.) and dried at 100°C (4 hours).
During the different stages of this process, samples were taken and analysed for antimicrobial
activity by bioassay. The remaining activity after the full destruction process was for lincomycin
80%, flumequine 69%, enrofloxacin 68%, neomycin 46%, tylosin 44%, sulfamethazine 38% and spiramycin
15%. Penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, colistin,
dihydro-streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole were fully degraded (less than 10% remaining activity)
after the sterilisation step (134°C). It is concluded that the high temperature destruction process
does not guarantee a full break-down of residues of veterinary drugs present in condemned animals.
Hospital
effluent: A source of multiple
drug-resistant
bacteria
V.
Chitnis, D.
Chitnis*
,†
,
S. Patil** and Ravi Kant*
*Department
of Pathology, Choithram Hospital and Research Centre,
Manik
Bagh Road, Indore 452 001, India
**School
of Life Sciences, Devi Ahiyla University, Indore 452 001,
India
The
present work was carried out to study the spread
of
multiple drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria from hospi-
tal
effluent to the municipal sewage
system. The MDR
bacteria
population in hospital effluents ranged from
0.58
to 40% for ten hospitals studied while it was less
than
0.00002 to 0.025% for 11 sewage
samples from
the
residential areas. Further, the MDR bacteria
carried
simultaneous resistance for most of the com-
monly
used antibiotics and obviously the spread of
such
MDR bacteria to the community is a matter of
grave
concern.
DEVELOPMENTof
drug resistance has followed the discovery
of antimicrobial agents like a faithful shadow.
Drug
resistance observed till 1954 was through solitary events
of bacterial chromosomal gene mutations. However, this is not the
case today where the majority is through lateral gene transfer, much
of that happening within sewage treatment plants
Title:
> <http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=AdvancedSearch&qid=1&SID=2CGaJ3pGe6DN8BNlCfm&page=1&doc=2>Composting
> rapidly reduces levels of extractable oxytetracycline in manure from
> therapeutically treated beef calves
> Author(s): Arikan OA, Sikora LJ, Mulbry W, et al.
> Source: BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY Volume: 98 Issue: 1 Pages:
> 169-176 Published: JAN 2007
>
> Abstract: Oxytetracychne (OTC) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in
> livestock production. The widespread use and relative persistence of OTC
> may encourage development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The objective
> of this study was to determine whether composting would substantially
> reduce the concentration of OTC found in manure from medicated animals. The
> effect of OTC on composting was also investigated. Five beef calves were
> medicated for 5 days with 22 mg/kg/day of OTC. Approximately 23% of the OTC
> fed to the calves was recovered in the manure. Manure samples collected
> from calves prior to and after medication were mixed with straw and
> woodchips, and aliquots of the subsequent mixtures were treated in
> laboratory composters for 35 days. In addition, aliquots of the
> OTC-containing mixture were incubated at 25 degrees C or sterilized
> followed by incubation at 25 degrees C. The presence of OTC did not appear
> to affect composting processes. Within the first six days of composting,
> levels of extractable OTC in the compost mixture decreased from 115 +/- 8
> mu g/g dry weight to less than 6 +/- 1 mu g/g dry weight (a 95% reduction).
> In contrast, levels of extractable OTC in room temperature incubated and
> sterilized mixtures decreased only 12-25% after 37 and 35 days,
> respectively. Levels of total heterotrophic bacteria and OTC-resistant
> bacteria in the finished compost mixture were roughly 30-fold higher and
> 10-fold lower, respectively, than levels in the mixture prior to
> composting. Although the basis of the OTC disappearance during composting
> is not known, the preponderence of OTC-sensitive bacteria and the decrease
> of OTC-resistant bacteria in the finished compost suggests that OTC
> residues have been rendered biologically inactive or unavailable. (c) 2005
> Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
>
> Title:
> <http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&colname=WOS&search_mode=CitingArticles&qid=10&SID=2CGaJ3pGe6DN8BNlCfm&page=1&doc=2>Antibiotic
> degradation during manure composting
> Author(s): Dolliver H, Gupta S, Noll S
> Source: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY Volume: 37 Issue: 3 Pages:
> 1245-1253 Published: MAY-JUN 2008
>
> Abstract: On-farm manure management practices, such as composting, may
> provide a practical and economical option for reducing antibiotic
> concentrations in manure before land application, thereby minimizing the
> potential for environmental contamination. The objective of this study was
> to quantify degradation of chlortetracycline, monensin, sulfamethazine, and
> tylosin in spiked turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) litter during composting.
> Three manure composting treatments were evaluated: a control treatment
> (manure pile with no disturbance or adjustments after initial mixing), a
> managed compost pile (weekly mixing and moisture content adjustments), and
> vessel composting. Despite significant differences in temperature, mass,
> and nutrient losses between the composting treatments and the control,
> there was no difference in antibiotic degradation among the treatments.
> Chlortetracycline concentrations declined rapidly during composting,
> whereas monensin and tylosin concentrations declined gradually in all three
> treatments. There was no degradation of sulfamethazine in any of
> treatments. At the conclusion of the composting period (22-35 d), there
> was >99% reduction in chlortetracycline, whereas monensin and tylosin
> reduction ranged from 54 to 76% in all three treatments. Assuming
> first-order decay, the half-lives for chlortetracycline, monensin, and
> tylosin were 1, 17, and 19 d, respectively. These data suggest that managed
> compositing in a manure pile or in a vessel is not better than the control
> treatment in degrading certain antibiotics in manure. Therefore, low-level
> manure management, such as stockpiling, after an initial adjustment of
> water content may be a practical and economical option for livestock
> producers in reducing antibiotic levels in manure before land application.
>
> Title:
> <http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=AdvancedSearch&qid=14&SID=2CGaJ3pGe6DN8BNlCfm&page=1&doc=5>Factors
> affecting the degradation of amoxicillin in composting toilet
> Author(s): Kakimoto T, Funamizu N
> Source: CHEMOSPHERE Volume: 66 Issue: 11 Pages:
> 2219-2224 Published: FEB 2007
>
> Abstract: The biological and non-biological factors that affect the
> degradation of amoxicillin in the composting process of feces have been
> investigated. The effect of living bacteria and the enzyme (beta-lactamase)
> on amoxicillin decay was examined, and our results indicated that the
> biological effects are likely to be negligible. Consequently, the effect of
> phosphate, ammonia and pH level as non-biological factors was investigated
> by monitoring the reduction rate of amoxicillin in phosphate and ammonia
> buffer solutions with several pH levels. Each reduction rate constant was
> integrated by a simulation model, and the each calculated amoxicillin
> reduction profile was compared to the reduction profiles of amoxicillin in
> the composting process of feces. The calculated results corresponded almost
> exactly to the experimental profiles. We therefore concluded that the
> degradation of arnoxicillin in a toilet matrix was dependent on the
> concentration of ammonia, phosphate and hydroxyl ion. (c) 2006 Elsevier
> Ltd. All rights reserved.
>
> Title:
> <http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=AdvancedSearch&qid=14&SID=2CGaJ3pGe6DN8BNlCfm&page=1&doc=7>Influence
> of temperature on survival and conjugative transfer of multiple
> antibiotic-resistant Plasmids in chicken manure and compost microcosms
> Author(s): Guan J, Wasty A, Grenier C, et al.
> Source: POULTRY SCIENCE Volume: 86 Issue: 4 Pages:
> 610-613 Published: APR 2007
>
> Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine if mobile plasmids
> carrying antibiotic-resistant genes could survive and be transferred in
> chicken manure maintained under conditions similar to those found in
> commercial cage layer operations and during composting. Escherichia coli J5
> harboring a self-transmissible plasmid (RP4) and E. coli C600 harboring a
> mobile plasmid (pIE723) were used as plasmid donors; E. coli CV601 was used
> as a plasmid recipient. At 23 degrees C both plasmids were transferred to
> E. coli CV601 in chicken manure and in compost microcosms that consisted of
> a mixture of chicken manure and peat. The transfer frequencies ranged from
> 8.1 x 10(-5) to 2.4 x 10(-3) per donor cell in manure and from 2.4 x 10(-5)
> to 5.5 x 10(-4) per donor cell in compost microcosms. After 45 d of
> incubation at 23 degrees C, RP4, but not pIE723, was recovered by an
> exogenous isolation method although their E. coli hosts were not cultured
> from the microcosms. However, when the temperatures of the compost
> microcosms were elevated to 50 degrees C or above, neither the plasmids nor
> their E. coli hosts could be detected. The results suggested that
> composting of chicken manure at high temperatures could help prevent the
> spread of antibiotic-resistant genes via plasmids in the environment.
> From: mlmeinicke at gmail.com
> To: compost at mailman.cloudnet.com
> Date: Tue, 3 Mar 2009 20:51:11 -0500
> Subject: [USCC] Antibiotics in meat after composting
>
> I have done a quick literature search, and looked at the STA materials
> posted online, but cannot find an answer to a question recently posed
> to us here at Philly Compost (new venture!).
>
> The question is: if non-organically-raised meat scraps are composted
> according to the STA standards, will the antibiotics in the meats be
> broken down during the process?
>
> Will appreciate any knowledge others may have on this topic.
>
> Many thanks,
> Lee Meinicke
> www.PhillyCompost.com
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