[USCC] antibiotics from livestock and compost

Tue Jun 24 17:09:15 CDT 2008

Allison and group, I think it is a combination of factors and not necessarily strictly temp dependent---other factors need to be considered, but what might these be? Otherwise what would happen to drugs that are autoclaved?

The drug itself needs to be considered, see below. If, for example, one knows the treatment regime of a single particular dairy, or poultry operation i.e., knowing what drugs the animals or birds are on, then some projections might be possible. But absent that and dealing with municipal sewage sludge, I think, this would be a crap shoot. I realize that the topic at hand is animal waste, but then you need to isolate sources as different operations will have different treatment regimes. Thus hitting some particular temp may give a false sense of security. Since your raw stock may be coming in from several sources, the reliance upon temperature alone may prove less than useful. Who amongst you is running bacteriological plate analyses from this? Is anyone looking at taking fluid samples, running these through millipore filter then isolating colonies from that, replating them on  a lawn of Mueller-Hinton and then subjecting this to Kirby Bauer disc diffusion analyses? That would give you some clues as to how valid your process is and you would have results in just a few days. These are simple tests and if you are near a community college that has a bacti lab and teaches beginning micro, you might get someone (one of the sudents) to run these tests at essentially no cost. That would give you some idea of what is happening. 

My guess, however, is that you are going to find multi-drug resistant bugs in your product. They are difficult to destroy at temperatures and processes used by your industry. But, still, I encourage you to run the above noted simple tests. At least then you will know and thus can plan accordingly.

Cheers-------------------Edo

STABILITY OF ANTIBIOTICS IN MEAT DURING A SIMULATED HIGH TEMPERATURE DESTRUCTION PROCESS 

H.J. van Egmond, et al

State Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products (RIKILT), Bornsesteeg 45, NL- 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands

Abstract With a simulation model at laboratory-scale, the stability of sixteen antibiotics during the destruction process of animal and offal's was investigated. The antibiotics were added to a mixture of pork-meat, pork-kidney, and pork-liver (90/5/5) (w/w/w), subsequently pasteurised at 80°C (15 min.), sterilised at 134°C (3 bar, 20 min.) and dried at 100°C (4 hours). During the different stages of this process, samples were taken and analysed for antimicrobial activity by bioassay. The remaining activity after the full destruction process was for lincomycin 80%, flumequine 69%, enrofloxacin 68%, neomycin 46%, tylosin 44%, sulfamethazine 38% and spiramycin 15%. Penicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, oxytetracycline, doxycycline, colistin, dihydro-streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole were fully degraded (less than 10% remaining activity) after the sterilisation step (134°C). It is concluded that the high temperature destruction process does not guarantee a full break-down of residues of veterinary drugs present in condemned animals

> Date: Mon, 23 Jun 2008 13:47:37 -0400
> To: compost at mailman.cloudnet.com
> From: alh54 at cornell.edu
> Subject: [USCC] antibiotics from livestock and compost
> 
> Hi Lynda, Gary and Will,
> 
> Most antibiotics are unstable under high temperatures, so hot composting 
> can help reduce their levels in livestock manure before application to soil.
> 
> Here are some recent papers on the topic.
> 
> -Allison
> 
> Title: 
> <http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=AdvancedSearch&qid=1&SID=2CGaJ3pGe6DN8BNlCfm&page=1&doc=2>Composting 
> rapidly reduces levels of extractable oxytetracycline in manure from 
> therapeutically treated beef calves
> Author(s): Arikan OA, Sikora LJ, Mulbry W, et al.
> Source: BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY   Volume: 98   Issue: 1   Pages: 
> 169-176   Published: JAN 2007
> 
> Abstract: Oxytetracychne (OTC) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in 
> livestock production. The widespread use and relative persistence of OTC 
> may encourage development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The objective 
> of this study was to determine whether composting would substantially 
> reduce the concentration of OTC found in manure from medicated animals. The 
> effect of OTC on composting was also investigated. Five beef calves were 
> medicated for 5 days with 22 mg/kg/day of OTC. Approximately 23% of the OTC 
> fed to the calves was recovered in the manure. Manure samples collected 
> from calves prior to and after medication were mixed with straw and 
> woodchips, and aliquots of the subsequent mixtures were treated in 
> laboratory composters for 35 days. In addition, aliquots of the 
> OTC-containing mixture were incubated at 25 degrees C or sterilized 
> followed by incubation at 25 degrees C. The presence of OTC did not appear 
> to affect composting processes. Within the first six days of composting, 
> levels of extractable OTC in the compost mixture decreased from 115 +/- 8 
> mu g/g dry weight to less than 6 +/- 1 mu g/g dry weight (a 95% reduction). 
> In contrast, levels of extractable OTC in room temperature incubated and 
> sterilized mixtures decreased only 12-25% after 37 and 35 days, 
> respectively. Levels of total heterotrophic bacteria and OTC-resistant 
> bacteria in the finished compost mixture were roughly 30-fold higher and 
> 10-fold lower, respectively, than levels in the mixture prior to 
> composting. Although the basis of the OTC disappearance during composting 
> is not known, the preponderence of OTC-sensitive bacteria and the decrease 
> of OTC-resistant bacteria in the finished compost suggests that OTC 
> residues have been rendered biologically inactive or unavailable. (c) 2005 
> Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
> 
> Title: 
> <http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&colname=WOS&search_mode=CitingArticles&qid=10&SID=2CGaJ3pGe6DN8BNlCfm&page=1&doc=2>Antibiotic 
> degradation during manure composting
> Author(s): Dolliver H, Gupta S, Noll S
> Source: JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY   Volume: 37   Issue: 3   Pages: 
> 1245-1253   Published: MAY-JUN 2008
> 
> Abstract: On-farm manure management practices, such as composting, may 
> provide a practical and economical option for reducing antibiotic 
> concentrations in manure before land application, thereby minimizing the 
> potential for environmental contamination. The objective of this study was 
> to quantify degradation of chlortetracycline, monensin, sulfamethazine, and 
> tylosin in spiked turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) litter during composting. 
> Three manure composting treatments were evaluated: a control treatment 
> (manure pile with no disturbance or adjustments after initial mixing), a 
> managed compost pile (weekly mixing and moisture content adjustments), and 
> vessel composting. Despite significant differences in temperature, mass, 
> and nutrient losses between the composting treatments and the control, 
> there was no difference in antibiotic degradation among the treatments. 
> Chlortetracycline concentrations declined rapidly during composting, 
> whereas monensin and tylosin concentrations declined gradually in all three 
> treatments. There was no degradation of sulfamethazine in any of 
> treatments. At the conclusion of the composting period (22-35 d), there 
> was >99% reduction in chlortetracycline, whereas monensin and tylosin 
> reduction ranged from 54 to 76% in all three treatments. Assuming 
> first-order decay, the half-lives for chlortetracycline, monensin, and 
> tylosin were 1, 17, and 19 d, respectively. These data suggest that managed 
> compositing in a manure pile or in a vessel is not better than the control 
> treatment in degrading certain antibiotics in manure. Therefore, low-level 
> manure management, such as stockpiling, after an initial adjustment of 
> water content may be a practical and economical option for livestock 
> producers in reducing antibiotic levels in manure before land application.
> 
> Title: 
> <http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=AdvancedSearch&qid=14&SID=2CGaJ3pGe6DN8BNlCfm&page=1&doc=5>Factors 
> affecting the degradation of amoxicillin in composting toilet
> Author(s): Kakimoto T, Funamizu N
> Source: CHEMOSPHERE   Volume: 66   Issue: 11   Pages: 
> 2219-2224   Published: FEB 2007
> 
> Abstract: The biological and non-biological factors that affect the 
> degradation of amoxicillin in the composting process of feces have been 
> investigated. The effect of living bacteria and the enzyme (beta-lactamase) 
> on amoxicillin decay was examined, and our results indicated that the 
> biological effects are likely to be negligible. Consequently, the effect of 
> phosphate, ammonia and pH level as non-biological factors was investigated 
> by monitoring the reduction rate of amoxicillin in phosphate and ammonia 
> buffer solutions with several pH levels. Each reduction rate constant was 
> integrated by a simulation model, and the each calculated amoxicillin 
> reduction profile was compared to the reduction profiles of amoxicillin in 
> the composting process of feces. The calculated results corresponded almost 
> exactly to the experimental profiles. We therefore concluded that the 
> degradation of arnoxicillin in a toilet matrix was dependent on the 
> concentration of ammonia, phosphate and hydroxyl ion. (c) 2006 Elsevier 
> Ltd. All rights reserved.
> 
> Title: 
> <http://apps.isiknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=AdvancedSearch&qid=14&SID=2CGaJ3pGe6DN8BNlCfm&page=1&doc=7>Influence 
> of temperature on survival and conjugative transfer of multiple 
> antibiotic-resistant Plasmids in chicken manure and compost microcosms
> Author(s): Guan J, Wasty A, Grenier C, et al.
> Source: POULTRY SCIENCE   Volume: 86   Issue: 4   Pages: 
> 610-613   Published: APR 2007
> 
> Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine if mobile plasmids 
> carrying antibiotic-resistant genes could survive and be transferred in 
> chicken manure maintained under conditions similar to those found in 
> commercial cage layer operations and during composting. Escherichia coli J5 
> harboring a self-transmissible plasmid (RP4) and E. coli C600 harboring a 
> mobile plasmid (pIE723) were used as plasmid donors; E. coli CV601 was used 
> as a plasmid recipient. At 23 degrees C both plasmids were transferred to 
> E. coli CV601 in chicken manure and in compost microcosms that consisted of 
> a mixture of chicken manure and peat. The transfer frequencies ranged from 
> 8.1 x 10(-5) to 2.4 x 10(-3) per donor cell in manure and from 2.4 x 10(-5) 
> to 5.5 x 10(-4) per donor cell in compost microcosms. After 45 d of 
> incubation at 23 degrees C, RP4, but not pIE723, was recovered by an 
> exogenous isolation method although their E. coli hosts were not cultured 
> from the microcosms. However, when the temperatures of the compost 
> microcosms were elevated to 50 degrees C or above, neither the plasmids nor 
> their E. coli hosts could be detected. The results suggested that 
> composting of chicken manure at high temperatures could help prevent the 
> spread of antibiotic-resistant genes via plasmids in the environment.
> 
> **************************************************************************************
> Allison L H Jack
> Graduate Student
> Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology
> http://pppmb.cals.cornell.edu
> Cornell University
> 335 Plant Science
> Ithaca, NY 14850
> 607.273.5762
> ************************************************************************************* 
> 
> 
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